The Aqilah & Their Responsibility
Importance of Prayer & Ruling of its Abandonment
Facing the Qiblah & Intention in the Prayer
Etiquettes of Walking to Prayer and its Description
Description of Prayer Continued
Description of Prayer Continued
Description of Prayer Continued
Pillars and Mandatory Acts of Prayer
Two Prostrations of Forgetfulness
Supererogatory (Voluntary) Prayers
Supererogatory (Voluntary) Prayers Continued
Times of Prohibition of (Supererogatory) Prayer
Congregational Prayers & Latecomers
Jumu'ah (Congregational Friday) Prayer
Introduction & Commercial and Selling
Selling of Primary & Secondary Commodities
Cancellation Options in Transactions
Cancellation Options Continued
Debt Transference & Guarantor-ship
Mortgaging & Security Deposits
Partnership & Companies Continued
Reviving Barren Lands & Per-Job Wage
Lost and Found Property & Foundlings
Prize Money & Deposits for Safekeeping
Chapter on the ‘Âqilah (Paternal Male Kin) and Their Responsibility
It is all of the men from the paternal family of the killer,1598 close or distant, related through lineage or through patronage1599 – except those who are children, insane, or poor, or have a different religion (than the killer’s). 1600
دِيَوَهِيَ عَصَبَةُ اْلقَاتِلِ كُلُّهُمْ، قَرِيْبُهُمْ وَبَعِيْدُهُمْ، مِنَ النَّسَبِ وَالْمَوَالِيْ، إِلاَّ الصَّبِيَّ وَالْمَجْنُوْنَ وَاْلفَقِيْرَ، وَمَنْ يُخَالِفُ دِيْنُهُ دِيْنَ اْلقَاتِلِ
The determination of how much each one of them is responsible for is left to the imam.1601 He will assign to each one an amount that is affordable and will not cause hardship.1602 The rest of the indemnity will be binding on the killer. Likewise is
وَيُرْجَعُ فِيْ تَقْدِيْرِ مَا يَحْمِلُهُ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمْ إِلىٰ اجْتِهَادِ اْلإِمَامِ، فَيَفْرِضُ عَلَيْهِ قَدْرًا يَسْهُلُ عَلَيْهِ وَلاَ يَشُقُّ، وَمَا فَضَلَ فَعَلىٰ اْلقَاتِلِ
1598. (A) + (+S)
(-H, -M): They are Ahl ud-Deewân, people who are registered in the same registry (district/village). After them, his paternal family is responsible.
(-H): People of the same profession may also be considered ‘âqilah
This is a system for distributing risk (like insurance). The men share with the offender, who is their relative/patron, the responsibility for paying indemnity to the victim of a mistaken killing or of quasi-intentional manslaughter, as well as all wounds worth 1/3 or more of the complete indemnity.
In some areas, Sharia-compliant cooperative insurance could serve some of these purposes – for example, when a group of physicians (or members of other professions) agrees to partake in cooperative malpractice insurance.
1599.Patronage as in allegiance to the emancipator.
1600.Women are also exempt from this liability.
1601.Meaning the authorities. In this case, the deputies of the imam are the judges.
1602.The judgment is based on each person’s wealth/income, with each being responsible for what he can handle without hardship. The closest relatives come first, and then the next (more distant) layer of paternal relatives will be required to help, and so on, until the whole indemnity is paid to the victim.
the indemnity binding upon someone without an ‘âqilah. 1603
وَكَذٰلِكَ الدِّيَةُ فِيْ حَقِّ مَنْ لاَ عَاقِلَةَ لَهُ
The ‘âqilah will not be responsible for (the indemnity for) intentional murder, 1604 (the killing of) a slave, 1605 (the indemnity binding upon a) settlement1606 or confession,1607 or anything less than one-third of the complete indemnity.
وَلاَ تَحْمِلُ اْلعَاقِلَةُ عَمْدًا، وَلاَ عَبْدًا، وَلاَ صُلْحًا، وَلاَ اعْتِرَافًا، وَلاَ مَا دُوْنَ الثُّلُثِ
The dhimmis (non-Muslim subjects of a Muslim state) shall have their own ‘âqilah share the responsibility with them. As for apostates, they have no ‘âqilah. The same is true for one who becomes Muslim after committing his offense. 1608
وَيَتَعَاقَلُ أَهْلُ الذِّمَّةِ. وَلاَ عَاقِلَةَ لِمُرْتَدٍّ. وَلاَ لِمَنْ أَسْلَمَ بَعْدَ جِنَايَتِهِ
The indemnity for the aborted fetus is a ghurrah (male or female slave), which is equal in value to five camels and will be passed on to the heirs. If a pregnant woman drinks medicine, thereby (deliberately) aborting her fetus, she will be liable for that ghurrah, of which she will not inherit anything. If the fetus is from the People of the Book, the indemnity required is one-tenth of that for the mother. If the fetus is expelled alive and subsequently dies because of a blow, and this abortion
وَدِيَةُ اْلجَنِيْنِ اْلحُرِّ إِذَا سَقَطَ مَيْتًا غُرَّةٌ؛ عَبْدٌ أَوْ أَمَةٌ، قِيْمَتُهَا خَمْسٌ مِنَ اْلإِبِلِ مَوْرُوْثَةٌ عَنْهُ وَلَوْ شَرِبَتِ اْلحَامِلُ دَوَاءً فَأَسْقَطَتْ بِهِ جَنِيْنَهَا، فَعَلَيْهَا غُرَّةٌ، لاَ تَرِثُ مِنْهَا شَيْئًا. وَإِنْ كَانَ اْلجَنِيْنُ كِتَابِيًّا، فَفِيْهِ عُشْرُ دِيَةِ أُمِّهِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ عَبْدًا، فَفِيْهِ عُشْرُ قِيْمَةِ أُمِّهِ. وَإِنْ سَقَطَ اْلجَنِيْنُ حَيًّا، ثُمَّ مَاتَ مِنَ الضَّرْبَةِ، فَفِيْهِ دِيَةٌ
1603.(A/SM & Iqnâ‘): In both cases, the state will be responsible for paying the indemnity or what’s left of it.
1604.They are only forced to help their relative/patron in the case of mistaken killing or quasi-intentional manslaughter. In intentional murder, the murderer is solely responsible for the entire indemnity.
1605.The offender is responsible for the entire indemnity.
1606.Such as when the plaintiffs have no proof, but the defendant agrees to pay the indemnity without admitting guilt (as in accepting civil, but not criminal, responsibility). Also, they may settle for an indemnity instead of retribution in intentional murder. In both cases, the ‘âqilah is not liable; only the offender is.
1607.In settlements and confessions, the offender’s acknowledgment is binding on him only because al-iqrâr (acknowledgment) is a restricted proof, incurring liability only upon the one making the acknowledgment. Otherwise, he could plot the whole matter with the victim or the victim’s family, have his ‘âqilah pay the indemnity, and then share it with the victim’s family.
1608.His non-Muslim ‘âqilah is not responsible for the indemnity because he is now Muslim. His Muslim ‘âqilah is also not responsible because he committed the offense before he was Muslim. He is solely responsible for any indemnity that may become binding on him. (A/SM): what matters is the time of wounding or killing. If he shoots and then changes his deen before hitting the target is the case in which no one will be his ‘aqilah.
َوِ انْجَرَّ وَلاَؤُهُ بَعْدَهَا. وَجِنَايَةُ اْلعَبْدِ فِيْ رَقَبَتِهِ، إِلاَّ أَنْ يَفْدِيَهُ السَّيِّدُ بِأَقَلِّ اْلأَمْرَيْنِ، مِنْ أَرْشِهَا أَوْ قِيْمَتِهِ، وَدِيَةُ اْلجِنَايَةِ عَلَيْهِ مَا نَقَصَ مِنْ قِيْمَتِهِ فِيْ مَالِ اْلجَانِيْ
Damage incurred by an animal 1609 is non-compensable unless the animal was under the control of a human being, such as a rider, one pulling it from the front, or one directing it from behind; they will be liable for the damage the animal causes with its foreleg or mouth, but not that which it causes with its hind leg or tail. If one transgresses by tying it to the property of others or in the way (of others), he is liable for all of the damage it causes. He is not liable for any crops it spoils unless it is under his control. He is liable for whatever it spoils at night.1610
وَجِنَايَةُ اْلبَهَائِمِ هَدَرٌ، إِلاَّ أَنْ تَكُوْنَ فِيْ يَدِ إِنْسَانٍ، كَالرَّاكِبِ وَاْلقَائِدِ وَالسَّائِقِ، فَعَلَيْهِ ضَمَانُ مَا جَنَتْ بِيَدِهَا أَوْ فَمِهَا، دُوْنَ مَا جَنَتْ بِرِجْلِهَا أَوْ ذَنَبِهَا. وَإِنْ تَعَدَّى بِرَبْطِهَا فِيْ مِلْكِ غَيْرِهِ، أَوْ طَرِيْقٍ، ضَمِنَ جِنَايَتَهَا كُلَّهَا. وَمَا أَتْلَفَتْ مِنَ الزَّرْعِ نَهَارًا، لَمْ يَضْمَنْهُ، إِلاَّ أَنْ تَكُوْنَ فِيْ يَدِهِ، وَمَا أَتْلَفَتْ لَيْلاً، فَعَلَيْهِ ضَمَانُهُ
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