Importance of Prayer & Ruling of its Abandonment
Facing the Qiblah & Intention in the Prayer
Etiquettes of Walking to Prayer and its Description
Description of Prayer Continued
Description of Prayer Continued
Description of Prayer Continued
Pillars and Mandatory Acts of Prayer
Two Prostrations of Forgetfulness
Supererogatory (Voluntary) Prayers
Supererogatory (Voluntary) Prayers Continued
Times of Prohibition of (Supererogatory) Prayer
Congregational Prayers & Latecomers
Jumu'ah (Congregational Friday) Prayer
Introduction & Commercial and Selling
Selling of Primary & Secondary Commodities
Cancellation Options in Transactions
Cancellation Options Continued
Debt Transference & Guarantor-ship
Mortgaging & Security Deposits
Partnership & Companies Continued
Reviving Barren Lands & Per-Job Wage
Lost and Found Property & Foundlings
Prize Money & Deposits for Safekeeping
Oaths in Court Claims
[Admissible Oaths]
The only admissible oath for (establishing) rights (through the courts) is swearing by Allah (Exalted is He), whether the person taking the oath is a Muslim or an unbeliever.
اْليَمِيْنُ الْمَشْرُوْعَةُ فِيْ اْلحُقُوْقِ، هِيَ اْليَمِيْنُ بِاللهِ تَعَالى، سَوَاءٌ كَانَ اْلحَالِفُ مُسْلِمًا، أَوْ كَافِرًا.
[Where Oaths Are Applicable]
Concerning properties and the like, it is permissible to base the verdict on one witness and one oath, 1750 because the Prophet (SA) passed a judgment on the basis of one witness and one oath.
وَيَجُوْزُ اْلقَضَاءُ فِيْ اْلأَمْوَالِ وَأَشْبَاهِهَا بِشَاهِدٍ وَيَمِيْنٍ؛ لِأَنَّ النَّبِيَّ قَضَى بِشَاهِدٍ وَيَمِيْنٍ.
[Where Certainty Is Required]
All oaths are taken with certainty (affirming or denying an occurrence), except an oath denying someone else’s act, which is merely a negation of being aware of the act.
وَاْلأَيْمَانُ كُلُّهَا عَلىٰ اْلبَتِّ، إِلاَّ اْليَمِيْنُ عَلىٰ نَفْيِ فِعْلِ غَيْرِهِ، فَإِنَّهَا عَلىٰ نَفْيِ اْلعِلْمِ.
[Who May Take an Oath]
If a deceased or bankrupt person is entitled to some right, and has a witness to that, and then the bankrupt person or the heirs of the deceased take an oath, this right will be granted. If they do not take an oath, and the creditors offer to take
وَإِذَا كَانَ لِلْمَيِّتِ أَوِ الْمُفْلِسِ حَقٌّ بِشَاهِدٍ، فَحَلَفَ الْمُفْلِسُ، أَوْ وَرَثَةُ الْمَيِّتِ مَعَهُ ثَبَتَ. وَإِنْ لَمْ يَحْلِفُوْا، فَبَذَلَ اْلغُرَمَاءُ اْليَمِيْنَ لَمْ يُسْتَحْلَفُوْا.
1750. (A) + (+M, +S) This is when there is only one witness, and the claimant takes an oath to corroborate the testimony. The combination of the testimony of one witness and the oath of the claimant makes an admissible proof, according to the majority. (-H): It is not an admissible proof in court.
an oath, they (the creditors) will not be allowed to take one. 1751
[Claim by a Group]
If the claim is made by a group, he (the denier) must take an oath for each one of them. If he says, “I will take one oath for all of them,” it will not be accepted unless they approve of it.
وَإِذاَ كَانَتِ الدَّعْوٰى لِجَمَاعَةٍ، فَعَلَيْهِ لِكُلِّ وَاحِدٍ يَمِيْنٌ، وَإِنْ قَالَ: أَناَ أَحْلِفُ يَمِيْنًا وَاحِدَةً لِجَمِيْعِهِمْ، لَمْ يُقْبَلْ مِنْهُ، إِلاَّ أَنْ يَرْضَوْا.
[Multiple Claims Against One Individual]
If one person has many claims of entitlement against another, the defendant will have to take an oath for each claim (that he denies).
وَإِنِ ادَّعَى وَاحِدٌ حُقُوْقًا عَلىٰ وَاحِدٍ، فَعَلَيْهِ فِيْ كُلِّ حَقٍّ يَمِيْنٌ.
[No Oaths Taken for Allah’s Rights]
The taking of an oath is prescribed regarding all the rights of humans. The taking of an oath is prescribed regarding all the rights of humans. 1752 However, it is not prescribed regarding the rights of Allah, such as in ḥudood and acts of worship. 1753
وَتُشْرَعُ اْليَمِيْنُ فِيْ كُلِّ حَقٍّ لِآدَمِيٍّ، وَلاَ تُشْرَعُ فِيْ حُقُوْقِ اللهِ مِنَ اْلحُدُوْدِ وَاْلعِبَادَاتِ.
1751. For example: X owes Y money, and Y owes Z money, but Y is declared bankrupt. The creditor (Z) wants to establish his debtor’s (Y’s) entitlement to the money from X so that he (Z) can be paid from it, but he will not be allowed to take an oath because he is not the party who is entitled. Additionally, his oath would be suspect because of his material interest.
1752. (A/SM & Iqnâ‘): There are ten exceptions: restoration of marriage, divorce, eelâ’, claiming the slavery of a foundling, walâ’, a claim of fathering a child with a slave girl, a claim of lineage, qadhf, and equal retribution – aside from the case of qasâmah.
1753. No one is allowed to take an oath to establish a ḥadd crime against someone; likewise, one may not take an oath to establish someone else’s liability regarding acts of worship. For example, the collector of zakat may not take an oath against the zakat giver if there is a dispute over whether he possesses the niṣâb for zakat; in this case, the statement of the zakat giver will be accepted without taking an oath. Oaths are taken to establish one’s entitlement to a right. Allah does not need people to take oaths to establish His rights, whether it is an individual’s performing an act of worship or the establishment of guilt against someone.
( Page : no 180)