Importance of Prayer & Ruling of its Abandonment
Facing the Qiblah & Intention in the Prayer
Etiquettes of Walking to Prayer and its Description
Description of Prayer Continued
Description of Prayer Continued
Description of Prayer Continued
Pillars and Mandatory Acts of Prayer
Two Prostrations of Forgetfulness
Supererogatory (Voluntary) Prayers
Supererogatory (Voluntary) Prayers Continued
Times of Prohibition of (Supererogatory) Prayer
Congregational Prayers & Latecomers
Jumu'ah (Congregational Friday) Prayer
Introduction & Commercial and Selling
Selling of Primary & Secondary Commodities
Cancellation Options in Transactions
Cancellation Options Continued
Debt Transference & Guarantor-ship
Mortgaging & Security Deposits
Partnership & Companies Continued
Reviving Barren Lands & Per-Job Wage
Lost and Found Property & Foundlings
Prize Money & Deposits for Safekeeping
Continuation of Bequests
[Legatee]
And (bequests are) valid for the benefit of anyone who is eligible to receive gifts, and for the fetus in the womb if it becomes known that he or she was present (in the womb) at the time the bequest was made in his or her
وَلِكُلِّ مَنْ تَصِحُّ الْهِبَةُ لَهُ، وَلِلْحَمْلِ إِذَا عُلِمَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ مَوْجُوْدًا حِيْنَ الْوَصِيَّةِ لَهُ.
name. 1071
1071. The Legatee
This is the recipient of the bequeathed property or usufruct. The heirs have no share of the bequest because Allah gave them their due rights, so bequeathing to some of them would have the effect of favoring them over the others, and this might result in family disharmony and tension. The Prophet (SA) said:
“Allah has assigned to everyone their due rights; thus, there is no bequest for an heir.” (A,D,T – from Abu Umâmah. A&T:R)
إِنَّ اَللَّهَ قَدْ أَعْطَى كُلَّ ذِي حَقٍّ حَقَّهُ فَلَا وَصِيَّةَ لِوَارِثٍ
The majority, namely (A) + (+H, +M, +S), argued that some heirs may receive a bequest if the rest of the heirs agree. This would be valid though still forbidden, according to (A). (a): disliked or permissible. There is an addendum to the hadith above, in which the Prophet (SA) added:
“Unless the (other) heirs permit.” (ad-Dâraquṭni – from Ibn ‘Abbâs. Ibn Ḥajar:R)
إلَّا أَنْ يَشَاءَ اَلْوَرَثَةُ
Aside from the heirs, the recipient of a bequest may be Muslim, non-Muslim, or even an apostate or a ḥarbi (citizen of an enemy state). It was reported that the Prophet’s wife Ṣafiyah bequeathed part of her estate to some of her Jewish relatives. A bequest is also valid for a fetus in the womb.
Not Eligible to Receive Bequests
Someone who is not in existence at the time of the waṣiyah is not eligible; for example, the child a certain woman will bear or future grandchildren who have not yet been conceived. Also, animals are not eligible recipients per (A), although making a waṣiyah for certain animals that benefit humans is valid because the intent here is for the benefit attained by those humans.
Other scholars have been known to allow endowments for the support of aged animals, stray dogs and cats, etc. In his book Civilization of Faith, Shaykh Mustafa as-Siba’ee mentions several examples of endowments set up in Damascus for these types of animals.
Back when the discussion of waṣiyah to slaves was pertinent, it was agreed that they were eligible for tadbeer.
[Bequeathed Property/Usufruct]
1072
2. It is valid for what does not yet exist, such as whatever one’s tree will bear.
٢. وَبِالْمَعْدُوْمِ، كَالَّذِيْ تَحْمِلُ شَجَرَتُهُ.
3. It is valid for what is not yet deliverable, such as birds in the sky or fish in the water.
٣. وَبِمَا لاَ يَقْدِرُ عَلَى تَسْلِيْمِهِ، كَالطَّيْرِ فِي الْهَوَاءِ وَالسَّمَكِ فِي الْمَاءِ.
4. It is valid for property that is not yet in one’s possession, such as 100 dirhams that one does not possess (at the time of the bequest).
٤. وَبِمَا لاَ يَمْلِكُهُ، كَمِئَةِ دِرْهَمٍ لاَ يَمْلِكُهَا.
5. It is valid for undesignated property, such as
٥. وَبِغَيْرِ مُعَيَّنٍ، كَعَبْدٍ .
1072. usufruct: the right to use another’s property as long as it is not destroyed or altered
1073. Validity of Bequeathed Property
Notice that the examples here show that the rulings of the bequeathed properties are unlike those of sales. This is because waṣiyah belongs to the category of benevolent contracts (‘uqood at-tabarru‘ât), not exchange-of-benefit contracts (‘uqood al- mu‘âwwaḍât). While it is not permissible to sell property that does not yet exist or that is not in one’s possession, not designated, or not deliverable, it is permissible to bequeath it. After all, it will become the legatee’s if it is deliverable at the time of the testator’s death. The legatee did not offer anything in exchange for them to justify requiring more definiteness and transparency in the transaction.
1074. The Bequeathing of a Usufruct
In the discussion above, Imam Ibn Qudâmah is addressing the bequeathing of a corpus that has a permissible usufruct. There is another discussion, which is bequeathing a usufruct without a corpus, such as the use of a certain land or building without transferring ownership of the building to the legatee. In this case, the ownership of the corpus will be transferred to the heirs, but the legatee will have the right to use it. The vast majority (A) + (+H, +M, +S) allowed this.
one of his or her slaves; in such a case, the heirs can give whichever one of them they please.
مِنْ عَبِيْدِهِ، وَيُعْطِيْهِ الْوَرَثَةُ مِنْهُمْ مَا شَاؤُوْا.
6. It is also valid for the unknown, such as a portion of the estate; in such a case, the heirs may give whatever they please.
٦. وَبِالْمَجْهُوْلِ كَحَظٍّ مِنْ مَالِهِ، أَوْ جُزْءٍ، وَيُعْطِيْهِ الْوَرَثَةُ مَا شَاؤُوْا.
[Arithmetic Resolutions]
1. If he (the testator) bequeaths to him (the legatee) an amount equal to the share of one of his heirs, 1075 he (the legatee) will be entitled to the smallest share. This share will then be added to the rest of the designated shares (furooḍ). 1076
وَإِنْ وَصَّى لَهُ بِمِثْلِ نَصِيْبِ أَحَدِ وَرَثَتِهِ، فَلَهُ مِثْلُ أَقَلِّهِمْ نَصِيْبًا، يُزَادُ عَلَى الْفَرِيْضَةِ
2. So if he leaves behind three sons, and bequeaths (to a legatee) what is equal to one son’s share, he (the legatee) will get one-fourth (of the estate). If there is (in addition to the three sons) also a mother (of the testator), then there will be 18 shares; 1077 so you add to them the share of one son, and then the calculation will be based on 23 shares. 1078
فلَو خَلَّفَ ثَلاَثَةَ بَنِيْنَ وَوَصَّى بِمِثْلِ نَصِيْبِ أَحَدِهِمْ، فَلَهُ الرُّبُعُ، فَإِنْ كَانَ مَعَهُمْ ذُوْ فَرْضٍ كَأُمٍّ، صَحَّحْتَ مَسْأَلَةَ الْوَرَثَةِ بِدُوْنِ الْوَصِيَّةِ مِنْ ثَمَانِيَةَ عَشَرَ، وَزِدْتَ عَلَيْهَا مِثْلَ نَصِيْبِ ابْنٍ، فَصَارَتْ مِنْ ثَلاَثَةٍ وَعِشْرِيْنَ.
3. If he bequeaths to two: to one he gives the equivalent of one son’s share, and to the
وَلَوْ وَصَّى بِمِثْلِ نَصِيْبِ أَحَدِهِمْ، وَلآخَرَ بِسُدُسِ بَاقِي الْماَلِ، جَعَلْتَ
1075. In this case, there was no amount or a percentage specified – only, “Give him or her like one of my inheritors.”
1076. So if he leaves behind a son, a mother, and a wife, and he asks that one of his aunts be given like one of his heirs, she will get 1/8, like the wife. To calculate the designated shares, the 1/8 given to the aunt is added to the mother’s 1/6 and the wife’s 1/8, so (1/6 + 1/8 + 1/8 = 4/24 + 3/24 + 3/24 = 10/24). The son will get the rest, which is 14/24.
1077. The mother has a designated share of 1/6, and the sons get the rest. However, you cannot keep 6 as the denominator because you cannot divide 5 (the numerator in 5/6) by 3 without producing fractions, so you move to the next denominator that can be divided, which is 18. The mother’s 1/6 = 3/18, and the 3 sons split the remaining 15/18, each getting 5/18.
1078. We add 5 shares (like those of a son) to the 18 shares in the original problem (for a total of 23 shares). Then mother gets 3/23, and each of the 3 sons, as well the legatee, gets 5/23.
other, he bequeaths one-sixth of the rest of the estate, 1079 you should give the one entitled to the one-sixth the same as one who is entitled to a designated share (farḍ), and then you solve the problem as you did the previous one. 1080
صَاحِبَ سُدُسِ الْبَاقِيْ كَذِيْ فَرْضٍ لَهُ السُّدُسُ، وَصَحَّحْتَهَا كَالَّتِيْ قَبْلَهَا.
4. In the previous scenario, if the bequest for the second legatee is one-sixth of the remainder of the one-third, you resolve it as we said above, but you then multiply it by three, so the denominator will be 69. Of this, the second legatee will get one share, and the rest will be divided by four, between the (three) sons and the other legatee.
فإن كَانَتْ وَصِيَّةُ الثَّانِيْ بِسُدُسِ بَاقِيْ الثُّلُثِ صَحَّحْتَهَا أَيْضًا كَمَا قُلْنَا سَوَاءً، ثُمَّ زِدْتَ عَلَيْهَا مِثْلَيْهَا، فَتُصِيْرُ تِسْعَةً وَسِتِّيْنَ، تُعْطِيْ صَاحِبَ السُّدُسِ سَهْمًا وَاحِدًا، وَالْبَاقِيْ بَيْنَ الْبَنِيْنَ وَالْوَصِيِّ الآخَرِ أَرْبَاعًا.
5. If there are more than three sons, you give an additional share (over whatever denominator is used to resolve the problem) to the legatee who is entitled to one-sixth of the remainder of the estate
وَإِنْ زَادَ الْبَنُوْنَ عَلَى ثَلاَثَةٍ، زِدْتَ صَاحِبَ سُدُسِ الْبَاقِيْ بِقَدْرِ زِيَادَتِهِمْ، فَإِذَا كَانُوْا أَرْبَعَةً، أَعْطَيْتَهُ مِمَّا صَحَّتْ مِنْهُ الْمَسْأَلَةُ سَهْمَيْنِ، وَإِنْ كَانُوْا
1079. Meaning the rest of the estate after the first bequest is executed.
1080. This is a very unusual situation, but the wisdom here is to train young jurists in solving arithmetic problems. In this scenario, the deceased has 3 sons as well as 2 legatees: one legatee was given a share equal to a son, while the second legatee was given 1/6 of the remaining estate (after the first legatee gets his share). The way to resolve this is to assign an unknown share (naṣeeb) to the first legatee (X) and then to divide the estate over 6 shares in order to calculate 1/6 of the rest, for the second legatee. Then you will have 5 shares to be equally distributed among 3 sons, giving each son 1-2/3 shares. To eliminate the fractions, you multiply by 3, so the shares for the sons total 15/18 (the equivalent of 5/6), and the second legatee gets the remaining 3/18. Now you add the unknown share of the first legatee (X), which should be like one of the sons, so the problem will have to be resolved by making the denominator 23. Each one of the 3 sons gets 5/23, as does the first legatee, and the second legatee gets 3/23.
for each additional son; so if they are four, he gets two shares, and if they are five, he gets three.
خَمْسَةً، فَلَهُ ثَلاَثَةٌ.
وَإِنْ كَانَتِ الْوَصِيَّةُ بِثُلُثِ بَاقِيْ الرُّبُعِ وَالْبَنُوْنَ أَرْبَعَةٌ، فَلَهُ سَهْمٌ وَاحِدٌ، فَإِنْ زَادَ البنون عَلَى أَرْبَعَةٍ، زِدْتَهُ بِكُلِّ وَاحِدٍ سَهْمًا. 1081
وَإِنْ كَانَتِ الْوَصِيَّةُ بِثُلُثِ بَاقِيْ الرُّبُعِ وَالْبَنُوْنَ أَرْبَعَةٌ، فَلَهُ سَهْمٌ وَاحِدٌ، فَإِنْ زَادَ البنون عَلَى أَرْبَعَةٍ، زِدْتَهُ بِكُلِّوَإِنْ وَصَّى بِضِعْفِ نَصِيْبِ وَارِثٍ أَوْ ضِعْفَيْهِ، فَلَهُ مِثْلاَ نَصِيْبِهِ وَثَلاَثَةُ أَضْعَافِهِ وَثَلاَثَةُ أَمْثاَلِهِ 1082
If he bequeaths a fraction, like one-third or one-fourth, you take it out from their denominator, 1083 and then you divide the rest (two-thirds or three-fourths) among the heirs.
وَإِنْ وَصَّى بِجُزْءِ مُشَاعٍ، كَثُلُثٍ أَوْ رُبُعٍ، أَخَذْتَهُ مِنْ مَخْرَجِهِ، وَقَسَمْتَ الْبَاقِيْ عَلَى الْوَرَثَةِ.
If he bequeaths one-third (to one person) and one-fourth (to another), then you take them from their least common denominator, which is 12,1084 and the rest will be divided among the heirs. But if the heirs reject this, then you reduce the total shares of the bequest down to one-third of the entire estate, giving the heirs twice as much as the bequest.
فَإِنْ وَصَّى بِجُزْأَيْنِ كَثُلُثٍ وَرُبُعٍ، أَخَذْتَهُمَا مِنْ مَخْرَجِهِمَا، وَهُوَ اثْنَا عَشَرَ وَقَسَمْتَ الْبَاقِيْ عَلَى الْوَرَثَةِ، فَإِنْ رَدُّوْا، جَعَلْتَ سِهَامَ الْوَصِيَّةِ ثُلُثَ الْمَالِ، وَلِلْوَرَثَةِ ضِعْفُ ذٰلِكَ.
Likewise, if he bequeathed a certain property, but it did not come from the one-third, then the legatee will only be entitled to as much of it as is equal to one-third of the estate – unless the heirs permit more. 1085
وَإِنْ وَصَّى بِمُعَيَّنٍ مِنْ مَالِهِ، فَلَمْ يَخْرُجْ مِنَ الثُّلُثِ، فَلِلْمُوْصَى لَهُ قَدْرُ الثُّلُثِ إِلاَّ أَنْ يُجِيْزَ الْوَرَثَةُ.
If the (amount of the) bequests exceeds the value of the entire estate, as with a man who bequeaths one-third of his estate to one particular person and the
وَإِنْ زَادَتِ الْوَصَايَا عَلَى الْمَالِ، كَرَجُلٍ أَوْصَى بِكُلِّ مَالِهِ لِرَجُلٍ، وَلآخَرَ
1081. This is just another problem like the one above.
1082. This is a linguistic problem where he is explaining that the Arabic words di‘f and di‘fayn both mean ‘double’.
1083. The denominator for the 1/3 is 3 (that is, 3 shares), and for the 1/4, it is 4.
1084. Here the bequests will be 4/12 and 3/12, totaling 7/12. Since this is more than 1/3, it must be approved by the heirs; otherwise, it will be reduced to 1/3.
1085. Bequests of more than 1/3 of the estate are discussed under the subtitle: Legatee.
entire estate to another, then you combine the one-third with the entire estate, making a denominator of four shares. Then you give one-fourth to the first person and three-fourths to the second person; if the heirs reject that, then you take the one-third to which they are entitled and divide it by four, giving the first person one-quarter of that one-third and the second person three-quarters of that one-third.
وَإِنْ وَصَّى بِمُعَيَّنٍ مِنْ مَالِهِ، فَلَمْ يَخْرُجْ مِنَ الثُّلُثِ، فَلِلْمُوْصَى لَهُ قَدْرُ الثُّلُثِ إِلاَّ أَنْ يُجِيْزَ الْوَرَثَةُبِثُلُثٍ، ضَمَمْتَ الثُّلُثَ إِلَى الْمَالِ، فَصَارَ أَرْبَعَةَ أَثْلاَثٍ وَقَسَمْتَ الْمَالَ بَيْنَهُمَا عَلَى أَرْبَعَةِ إِنْ أُجِيْزَ لَهُمَا، وَالثُّلُثُ عَلَى أَرْبَعَة إِنْ رُدَّ عَلَيْهِمَا.
If he bequeaths a certain property to one person and then bequeaths the same property to another person, they share it. Likewise, if he designates one man as an executor of his will and then designates another, they are both executors.
وَلَوْ وَصَّى بِمُعَيَّنٍ لِرَجُلٍ، ثُمَّ أَوْصَى بِهِ لآخَرَ، أَوْ أَوْصَى بِهِ إِلَى رَجُلٍ ثُمَّ أَوْصَى إِلَى آخَرَ، فَهُوَ بَيْنَهُمَا.
However, if he says, “Whatever I bequeathed to the first is for the second,” then the bequest for the first person is annulled. 1086
وَإِنْ قَالَ: مَا أَوْصَيْتُ بِهِ لِلأَوَّلِ، فَهُوَ لِلثَّانِيْ، بَطَلَتْ وَصِيَّةُ الأَوَّلِ.
[If the Bequest or Part of It Becomes Void]
If he instructs that Zayd make a pilgrimage on his behalf, with an allocated fund of 1000, but he (Zayd) does not do so, then it (the 1000) will be for the heirs. If the one designated for Hajj (Zayd) asks for the difference between the 1000 and the expenses
وَلَوْ وَصَّى أَنْ يَحُجَّ عَنْهُ زَيْدٌ بِأَلْفٍ فَلَمْ يَحُجَّ، فَهِيَ لِلْوَرَثَةِ، وَإِنْ قَالَ الْمُوْصَى لَهُ: أَعْطُوْنِيْ الزَّائِدَ عَلَى نَفَقَةِ الْحَجِّ، لَمْ
1086. The testator’s recanting of the bequest is valid by consensus.
( Page : no 94)