Importance of Prayer & Ruling of its Abandonment
Facing the Qiblah & Intention in the Prayer
Etiquettes of Walking to Prayer and its Description
Description of Prayer Continued
Description of Prayer Continued
Description of Prayer Continued
Pillars and Mandatory Acts of Prayer
Two Prostrations of Forgetfulness
Supererogatory (Voluntary) Prayers
Supererogatory (Voluntary) Prayers Continued
Times of Prohibition of (Supererogatory) Prayer
Congregational Prayers & Latecomers
Jumu'ah (Congregational Friday) Prayer
Introduction & Commercial and Selling
Selling of Primary & Secondary Commodities
Cancellation Options in Transactions
Cancellation Options Continued
Debt Transference & Guarantor-ship
Mortgaging & Security Deposits
Partnership & Companies Continued
Reviving Barren Lands & Per-Job Wage
Lost and Found Property & Foundlings
Prize Money & Deposits for Safekeeping
Hadd (Fixed Penalties)
The ḥadd punishment is only binding against one who is mukallaf (legally liable) and aware of the prohibition. No one other than the imam or his deputies (authorities) may execute it. 1632
لاَ يَجِبُ الْحَدُّ إِلاَّ عَلىٰ مُكَلَّفٍ، عَالِمٍ بِالتَّحرِيمِ، وَلاَ يُقِيْمُهُ إِلاَّ اْلإِمَامُ أَوْ نَائِبُهُ.
إِلاَّ السَّيِّدُ، فَإِنَّ لَهُ إِقَامَتَهُ بِالْجَلْدِ خَاصَّةً عَلىٰ رَقِيْقِهِ اْلقِنِّ؛ لِقَوْلِ رَسُوْلِ اللهِ "إِذَا زَنَتْ أَمَةُ أَحَدِكُمْ، فَلْيَجْلِدْهَا." وَلَيْسَ لَهُ قَطْعُهُ فِيْ السَّرِقَةِ، وَلاَ قَتْلُهُ فِيْ الرِّدَّةِ، وَلاَ جَلْدُ مُكَاتَبِهِ وَلاَ أَمَتِهِ الْمُزَوَّجَةِ. وَحَدُّ الرَّقِيْقِ فِيْ الْجَلْدِ نِصْفُ حَدِّ الْحُرِّ.
If one confesses to (a crime punishable by) a ḥadd and then recants the confession, it (the ḥadd) is dropped.
وَمَنْ أَقَرَّ بِحَدٍّ ثُمَّ رَجَعَ عَنْهُ سَقَطَ.
Subsection: In flogging, the whip used should be neither new nor worn out. The person being flogged is not to be laid on the ground, restrained or stripped of his or her clothing. The flogger
فَصْلٌ: وَيُضْرَبُ فِيْ الْحَدِّ بِسَوْطٍ، لاَ جَدِيْدٍ وَلاَ خَلَقٍ، وَلاَ يُمَدُّ، وَلاَ يُرْبَطُ وَلاَ يُجَرَّدُ، وَيُتَّقَى وَجْهُهُ وَرَأْسُهُ وَفَرْجُهُ.
1632. Introduction
Ḥudood punishments are those that have been specified by the revelation. The word ḥudood (sg. ḥadd) means boundaries or restrictions. This is a suitable name, since these punishments are meant to act as deterrents for certain crimes where strong drives may overwhelm human willpower and restraint through some of our greatest weaknesses, such as lust, as in zinâ; greed, as in theft (sariqah); addiction, as in consuming intoxicants (shurb al-khamr); anger and vengefulness, as in unproven accusations of fornication (qadhf); and many of them combined, as in banditry (ḥirâbah). These five are the only agreed-upon ḥudood crimes. Some madh-habs added others to the ḥudood crimes: public apostasy (riddah), sodomy between two males (liwâṭ), and treacherous murder (qatl al-gheelah). Of these three, only the punishment for sodomy is recognized as a ḥadd by (A). See the appendix on ḥudood.
should spare the face, head, and external genitalia. 1633
The man is flogged standing, while the woman is flogged sitting; her clothes should be fastened on her, and her hands held.
وَيُضْرَبُ الرَّجُلُ قَائِمًا، وَالْمَرْأَةُ جَالِسَةً وَتُشَدُّ عَلَيْهَا ثِيَابُهَا، وَتُمْسَكُ يَدَاهَا.
If one is sick but is expected to recover, the punishment will be deferred until he or she recovers. 1634 This is because of what has been reported on the authority of ‘Ali (RA) that “A slavewoman belonging to the Messenger of Allah (SA) committed adultery, so he ordered me to flog her. But she had recently given birth to a child, and I was afraid that if I flogged her, I might kill her. So I mentioned that to the Prophet (SA), and he said, ‘You have done well.’” 1635
If recovery is not expected, and there is a concern about the safety of flogging, then he or she will be struck once with a handful of as many branches as the number of times he or she should be flogged. 1636
وَمَنْ كَانَ مَرِيْضًا يُرْجَى بُرْؤُهُ، أُخِّرَ حَتَّى يَبْرَأَ، لِمَا رَوَى عَلِيٌّ : "أنَّ أَمَةً لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ زَنَتْ فَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ أَجْلِدَهَا فَإِذَا هِيَ حَدِيثُ عَهْدٍ بِنِفَاسٍ فَخَشِيتُ إِنْ أَنَا جَلَدْتُهَا أَنْ أَقْتُلَهَا فَذَكَرْتُ ذَلِكَ لِلنَّبِيِّ فَقَالَ "أَحْسَنْتَ". فَإِنْ لَمْ يُرْجَ بُرْؤُهُ وَخُشِيَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ السَّوْطِ، جُلِدَ بِضِغْثٍ فِيْهِ عِيْدَانٌ بِعَدَدٍ مَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ مَرَّةً وَاحِدَةً.
Subsection: If many ḥadd punishments come due
فصل: وَإِنِ اجْتَمَعَتْ
1633. Peter Moskos, an associate professor of law in the USA, discussed the replacement of corporal punishments by long-term imprisonment; he concluded that the latter often has more damaging consequences on the prisoners and may not bring about the desired outcome for the society. (Peter Moskos, In Defense of Flogging. NY: Basic, 2011, 50.) Imprisonment, which is more feasible now than before, may still be a valid option for punishment, and our jurists recognized that as one of the ta‘zeer punishments. However, the discussion should be about the scope and frequency of its use.
1634. (a) + (-H, -M, -S) (the vast majority)
(A/SM & Iqnâ‘): It will not be deferred.
1635. (M)
1636. For example, instead of being flogged 40 times, the person will be flogged just once with one bundle of 40 shoots. This will fulfill the obligation without causing more harm.
for Allah against one person, and these include the death penalty, then he will be killed, and the rest are all dropped. 1637 If he commits fornication or theft several times, and the ḥadd punishments are not executed, only one ḥadd punishment will be binding. If many ḥadd punishments of different sorts (excluding the death penalty) become binding, they will all be carried out, starting with the lightest. 1638
حُدُوْدٌ للهِ تَعَالىٰ فِيْهَا قَتْلٌ، قُتِلَ، وَسَقَطَ سَائِرُهَا. وَلَوْ زَنَى مِرَارًا، أَوْ سَرَقَ مِرَارًا، وَلَمْ يُحَدَّ، فَحَدٌّ وَاحِدٌ. وَإِنِ اجْتَمَعَتْ حُدُوْدٌ مِنْ أَجْنَاسِ لاَ قَتْلَ فِيْهَا، اسْتُوْفِيَتْ كُلُّهَا، وَيُبْدَأُ بِاْلأَخَفِّ فَاْلأَخَفِّ مِنْهَا.
Ḥadd punishments must be averted if there is any doubt (ambiguity). If a man has intercourse after a questionable marriage or under duress, or he steals from a property in which he or his descendants have some entitlement, or he steals money from an opponent who is not fulfilling his rights, 1639 then he will not be punished by the ḥadd.
وَتُدْرَأُ اْلحُدُوْدُ بِالشُّبُهَاتِ، فَلَوْ وَطِئَ فِيْ نِكَاحٍ مُخْتَلَفٍ فِيْهِ، أَوْ مُكْرَهًا، أَوْ سَرَقَ مِنْ مَالٍ لَهُ فِيْهِ حَقٌّ، أَوْ لِوَلَدِهِ وَإِنْ سَفَلَ، أَوْ مِنْ مَالِ غَرِيْمِهِ الَّذِيْ يَعْجِزُ عَنْ تَخْلِيْصِهِ مِنْهُ بِقَدْرِ حَقِّهِ، لَمْ يُحَدَّ
Subsection: If one commits a ḥadd crime while outside of the Ḥaram and then seeks refuge inside it, or if one who is liable for retribution seeks refuge inside it, the ḥadd will not be executed until he leaves the Ḥaram. However, he will not be sold to or bought from. If he commits that (crime) in the Ḥaram, then the ḥadd will be executed there. If he commits a ḥadd crime while on a military expedition, the ḥadd will not be executed until he leaves the abode of war.
فَصْلٌ: وَمَنْ أَتىَ حَدًّا خَارِجَ الْحَرَمِ، ثُمَّ لَجَـأَ إِلىٰ اْلحَــرَمِ، أَوْ لَجَــأَ إِلَيْهِ مَنْ عَلَيْهِ قِصَاصٌ، لَمْ يُسْتَوْفَ مِنْهُ حَتَّى يَخْرُجَ. لَكِنْ لاَ يُبَايِعُ وَلاَ يُشَارِيْ، وَإِنْ فَعَلَ ذٰلِكَ فِيْ اْلحَرَمِ، اسْتُوْفِيَ مِنْهُ فِيْهِ. إِنْ أَتَى حَدًّا فِيْ اْلغَزْوِ، لَمْ يُسْتَوْفَ حَتَّى يَخْرُجَ مِنْ دَارِ اْلحَرْبِ.
“Whoever kills a mu‘âhid (covenanted non-Muslim) will not smell the fragrance of paradise, even though its fragrance can be smelled at a distance of 40 years.” (B – from Ibn ‘Amr)
مِنْ قَتْلِ مُعَاهِداً لَمْ يَرَحْ رَائِحَةَ اَلْجَنَّةِ, وَإِنَّ رِيحَهَا لِيُوجَدَ مِنْ مَسِيرَةِ أَرْبَعِينَ عَامّاً
1637. As for the rights of people, like retribution for injuries, he is still liable for all of them.
1638. For example, if he steals and also drinks alcohol, the ḥadd for drinking will be executed first, and then that for stealing.
1639. Like a delinquent debtor, or a person who wrongfully seized his property or falsely denied receiving a trust from him.
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