The Book of Indemnities

Indemnities for Wounds

دِيَاتِ اْلجِرَاحِ

Glossary

Chapter on Indemnities for Wounds

(The mutilation) of anything of which there is one (part/faculty) in the human body makes a complete indemnity binding.¹⁶¹¹ This includes (the mutilation or dismemberment of) one’s tongue, nose, penis, hearing, eyesight, sense of smell, intellect, speech, ability to strike, and ability to walk. Likewise is the case for twisting his face to one side,¹⁶¹² blackening it or his

كُلُّ مَا فِيْ اْلإِنْسَانِ مِنْهُ شَيْءٌ وَاحِدٌ، فَفِيْهِ دِيَةٌ، كَلِسَانِهِ، وَأَنْفِهِ، وَذَكَرِهِ، وَسَمْعِهِ، وَبَصَرِهِ، َوشَمِّهِ، وَعَقْلِهِ، وَكَلاَمِهِ، وَبَطْشِهِ، وَمَشْيِهِ. وَكذٰلِكَ فِيْ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ صَعَرِهِ، وَهُوَ أَنْ يَجْعَلَ وَجْهَهُ فِيْ جَانِبِهِ، وَتَسْوِيْدِ

1609. The Arabic word used is bahâ’im (sg. baheemah), which refers in general to four-limbed land or sea animals, but particularly to non-predatory ones.

1610. Because at night, he is supposed to keep his animals in their stables; on the other hand, during the day, the farmers are expected to be tending to their crops.

If it is customary or required by law to keep the animals in their stables (or under supervision) throughout the day and night, then the owner is liable for any damage they cause at any time.

1611.The indemnity due for killing.

1612.By causing his neck to rotate to one side.

cheeks, ¹⁶¹³ causing him urinary or fecal incontinence, or causing hairlessness of his head or beard.

وَجْهِهِ، وَخَدَيْهِ، وَاسْتِطْلاَقِ بَوْلِهِ أَوْ غَائِطِهِ، وَقَرْعِ رَأْسِهِ، وَلِحْيَتِهِ دِيَةٌ

As for paired (organs/parts), a complete indemnity is binding for the (mutilation) of both (organs/parts); mutilating one of them makes one-half of a complete indemnity binding, such as one of the eyes, eyebrows, lips, ears, jawbones, hands, breasts, buttocks, testicles, labia majora, or legs.

وَمَا فِيْهِ مِنْهُ شَيْئَانِ، فَفِيْهِمَا الدِّيَةُ، وَفِيْ أَحَدِهِمَا نِصْفُهَا، كَاْلعَيْنَيْنِ، وَاْلحَاجِبَيْنِ، وَالشَّفَتَيْنِ، وَاْلأُذُنَيْنِ، وَاللِّحْيَيْنِ، وَاْليَدَيْنِ، وَالثَّدْيَيْنِ، وَاْلأَلْيَتَيْنِ، والأُنْثَيَيْنِ، وَاْلإِسْكَتَيْنِ، وَالرِّجْلَيْنِ

A complete indemnity is binding for (mutilating) the four eyelids, and it will also be binding for their eyelashes. For each one is one-quarter of a complete indemnity. If he removes them along with their eyelashes, only one complete indemnity is binding.

وَفِي اْلأَجْفَانِ اْلأَرْبَعَةِ الدِّيَةُ، وَفِيْ أَهْدَابِهَا الدِّيَةُ، وَفِيْ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ رُبْعُهَا، فَإِنْ قَلَعَهَا بِأَهْدَابِهَا، وَجَبَتْ دِيَةٌ واحِدَةٌ

There is a binding complete indemnity for (mutilating) the fingers of both hands or the toes of both feet. For (mutilating) each finger/toe, there is one-tenth of the complete indemnity. For each phalanx is one-third of the indemnity (of the finger), except that for each phalanx of the thumb, there is one-half the indemnity (of the finger). ¹⁶¹⁴

وَفِيْ أَصَابِعِ اْليَدَيْنِ الدِّيَةُ، وَفِيْ أَصَابِعِ الرِّجْلَيْنِ الدِّيَةُ، وَفِيْ كُلِّ إِصْبَعٍ عُشْرُهَا، وَفِيْ كُلِّ أَنْمُلَةٍ ثُلُثُ عَقْلِهَا، إِلاَّ اْلإِبْهَامَ فِيْ كُلِّ أَنْمُلَةٍ نِصْفُ عَقْلِهَا

For every tooth that does not re-erupt, ¹⁶¹⁵ there is (an indemnity of) five camels.

وَفِيْ كُلِّ سِنٍّ خَمْسٌ مِنَ اْلإِبِلِ إِذَا لَمْ تَعُدْ

For (the mutilation of) the soft tip of the nose, the

وَفِيْ مَارِنِ اْلأَنْفِ

1613.In the Ḥanbali books al-Mubhij and at-Targheeb, this was explained as “changing the original color of his face.”

1614.Each finger has three phalanges (sg. phalanx) except for the thumb, which has only two.

1615.This includes all types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

nipple of the breast, the hand or foot, the glans penis, or the erupted part of the tooth – or blackening it, a full indemnity of the organ will be binding.¹⁶¹⁶ For mutilating a portion of them, the corresponding indemnity will be binding. ¹⁶¹⁷

وَحَلَمَةِ الثَّدْيِ، وَاْلكَفِّ، وَاْلقَدَمِ، وَحَشَفَةِ الذَّكَرِ، وَمَا ظَهَرَ مِنَ السِّنِّ، وَتَسْوِيْدِهَا دِيَةُ اْلعُضْوِ كُلِّهِ. وَفِيْ بَعْضِ ذٰلِكَ بِالْحِسَابِ مِنْ دِيَتِهِ

For (mutilating) the paralytic hand, leg, or penis; the penis of the castrated or impotent; the tongue of the mute; the blind eye; the black tooth; the penis whose glans is missing; the breast whose nipple is missing; the nose whose tip is missing; or the extra digit, the compensation will be determined by the authorities. ¹⁶¹⁸ As for the paralytic ear, the nose of one who has no sense of smell, or the ear of the deaf, the entire indemnity of the organ will be binding. ¹⁶¹⁹

وَفِي الأشل مِنَ اْليَدِ وَالرِّجْلِ وَالذَّكَرِ، وَذَكَرِ اْلخَصِيِّ وَالعِنِّيْنِ، وَلِسَانِ اْلأَخْرَسِ، وَاْلعَيْنِ اْلقَائِمَةِ، وَالسِّنِّ السَّوْدَاءِ، وَالذَّكَرِ دُوْنَ حَشَفَتِهِ، وَالثَّدْيِ دُوْنَ حَلَمَتِهِ، وَاْلأَنْفِ دُوْنَ أَرْنَبَتِهِ، وَالزَّائِدِ مِنَ اْلأَصَابِعِ وَغَيْرِهَا، حُكُوْمَةٌ. وَفِيْ اْلأَشَلِّ مِنَ اْلأُذُنِ وَاْلأَنْفِ اْلأَخْشَمِ، وَأُذُنِ اْلأَصَمِّ دِيَتُهَا كَامِلَةً.

1616.These parts are essential for the function of the limb of which they are part. This means that mutilating the soft tip of the nose is like mutilating the entire nose, warranting the obligation of the complete indemnity. For each nipple is the indemnity of the breast, which is 1/2 the complete indemnity. For each hand or foot, there is 1/2 the complete indemnity. The reason why he mentions them here is that there is no difference in the authorized position of the madh-hab between cutting the hand at the wrist or (the forearm at) the elbow or the foot at the ankle or (the leg at) the knee. If he breaks off the erupted part of the tooth, the entire indemnity for the tooth will be binding, as if he extracted it from the root.

1617.If he cuts off 1/2 of the tip of the nose, the victim is entitled to 1/2 of the indemnity. If he breaks off 1/2 of the tooth, the victim is entitled to 2.5 camels (2 camels plus the value of 1/2 a camel).

1618.To be determined by the court, because these organs are missing essential parts/qualities, so they are not treated like perfect organs.

1619.Because they still provide a vital function and beauty, despite the defects mentioned.

Chapter on Head and Face Injuries and Others

باَبُ الشِّجاَجِ وَغَيْرِهَا

[Facial Injuries]

Shijâj (sg. shajjah) are the head and face injuries. There are nine ¹⁶²⁰ (arranged in order of their depth): 1- al-ḥâriṣah, which disrupts the skin without causing any bleeding 2- al-bâzilah, which causes slight bleeding 3- al-bâdi‘ah, which exposes the flesh underneath the skin 4- al-mutalâḥimah, which cuts through the flesh 5- as-simḥâq, which separates from the bone by a fine membrane (periosteum) These five injuries (above) have no fixed compensation ¹⁶²¹ and no retribution in any case. ¹⁶²² 6- al-mooḍiḥah, which reaches the bone; five camels are due for it, or the equal retribution if it was intentional 7- al-hâshimah, which exposes and crushes the bone; ten camels are due for it 8- al-munaqqilah, which exposes, crushes, and displaces the bone; 15 camels are due for it 9- al-ma’moomah, which reaches the sheath of the brain (dura mater); one-third the full indemnity is due for it

الشِّجَاجُ هِيَ: جُرُوْحُ الرَّأْسِ وَاْلوَجْهِ. وَهِيَ تِسْعٌ: 1. أَوَّلُهَا اْلحَارِصَةُ: الَّتِيْ تَشُقُّ اْلجِلْدَ شَقًّا لاَ يَظْهَرُ مِنْهُ دَمٌ 2. ثُمَّ اْلبَازِلَةُ: الَّتِيْ يَنْزِلُ مِنْهَا دَمٌ يَسِيْرٌ 3. ثُمَّ اْلبَاضِعَةُ: الَّتِيْ تَبْضَعُ اللَّحْمَ بَعْدَ اْلجِلْدِ 4. ثُمَّ الْمُتَلاَحِمَةُ: الَّتِيْ أَخَذَتْ فِيْ اللَّحْمِ 5. ثُمَّ السِّمْحَاقُ: الَّتِيْ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ اْلعَظْمِ قِشْرَةٌ رَقِيْقَةٌ فَهَذِهِ اْلخَمْسُ لاَ تَوْقِيْتَ فِيْهَا، وَلاَ قِصَاصَ بِحَالٍ. 6. ثُمَّ الْمُوْضِحَةُ، وَهِيَ الَّتِيْ وَصَلَتْ إِلىٰ اْلعَظْمِ، وَفِيْهَا خَمْسٌ مِنَ اْلإِبِلِ، وَاْلقِصَاصُ إِذاَ كَانَتْ عَمْدًا 7. ثُمَّ الْهَاشِمَةُ، وَهِيَ الَّتِيْ تُوْضِحُ اْلعَظْمَ وَتُهَشِّمُهُ، وَفِيْهَا عَشْرٌ مِنَ اْلإِبِلِ 8. ثُمَّ الْمُنَقِّلَةُ وَهِيَ الَّتِيْ تُوْضِحُ وَتُهَشِّمُ وَتَنْقُلُ عِظَامَهَا، وَفِيْهَا خَمْسَ عَشَرَةَ مِنَ اْلإِبِلِ 9. ثُمَّ الْمَأْمُوْمَةُ وَهِيَ الَّتِيْ تَصِلُ إِلىٰ جِلْدَةِ الدِّمَاغِ، وَفِيْهَا ثُلُثُ الدِّيَةِ

1620.(A/SM): They are ten: the nine mentioned here and ad-dâmighah, which penetrates the sheath of the brain (dura mater); one-third of the full indemnity is due for it.

1621.The compensation will be determined by the judiciary.

1622.Retribution is not permissible here because of the difficulty of ensuring equality since the wound does not stop at a discernible landmark, such as in the case of the sixth one, al-mooḍiḥah.

[Other Injuries]

For the jâ’ifah (wound that penetrates into a body cavity), the compensation is one-third of the complete indemnity. If it comes out from the other side, it is considered two jâ’ifahs.

فِيْ اْلجَائِفَةِ ثُلُثُ الدِّيَةِ، وَهِيَ الَّتِيْ تَصِلُ إِلىٰ اْلجَوْفِ، فَإِنْ خَرَجَتْ مِنْ جَانِبٍ آخَرَ، فَهِيَ جَائِفَتَانِ

For (breaking) a rib, one camel is the due compensation; for the two collar bones (clavicles), two camels;¹⁶²³ and for (breaking) the wrists, four camels. ¹⁶²⁴

وَفِيْ الضَّلَعِ بَعِيْرٌ، وَفِيْ التَّرْقُوَتَيْنِ بَعِيْرَانِ، وَفِيْ الزَّنْدَيْنِ أَرْبَعَةُ أَبْعِرَةٍ

Aside from the injuries that have fixed compensation and those like them, the compensation will be determined on a case-by-case basis. The compensation is determined by assuming that the injured is a slave, and his value as a slave before the injury will be determined; then his value after the complete healing of the injury will be assessed. The depreciation in value (as a percentage) will be the basis of calculating the diyah for the injury. ¹⁶²⁵ The exception to this is when the (mutilated) organ has a fixed compensation, in which case he (the assessor) should not exceed that. For example, for a head and face injury that is less than a mooḍiḥah, the compensation cannot be more than that for the

وَمَا عَدَا هَذَا مِمَّا لاَ يُقَدَّرُ فِيْهِ، وَلاَ هُوَ فِيْ مَعْنَاهُ، فَفِيْهِ حُكُوْمَةٌ. وَهِيَ أَنْ يُقَوَّمَ الْمَجْنِيُّ عَلَيْهِ كَأَنَّهُ عَبْدٌ لاَ جِنَايَةَ بِهِ، ثَمَّ يُقَوَّمَ، وَهِيَ بِهِ قَدْ بَرَأَتْ، فَمَا نَقَصَ مِنْ قِيْمَتِهِ، فَلَهُ بِقِسْطِهِ مِنْ دِيَتِهِ، إِلاَّ أَنْ تَكُوْنَ اْلجِنَايَةُ عَلىٰ عُضْوٍ فِيْهِ مُقَدَّرٌ، فَلاَ يُجَاوِزُ بِهِ أَرْشَ الْمُقَدَّرِ، مِثْلَ أَنْ يَشُجَّهُ دُوْنَ الْمُوْضِحَةِ، فَلاَ

1623.One camel for each collar bone.

1624.Two camels for each wrist. What is meant here is the distal end of the forearm that meets the hand; it consists of two bones, the ulna and fibula, so there is one camel due for each bone.

1625.If the victim’s value as a slave is thought to be 100 dinars, and after the injury it is thought to be 85, then 15% of the value was lost because of the injury. The compensation for the injury is then 15% of the complete indemnity.

mooḍiḥah. Likewise, the compensation for injuring a phalanx should not be more than that for cutting it off completely.

يَجِبُ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ أَرْشِهَا، أَوْ يَجْرَحُ أَنْمُلَةً، فَلاَ يَجِبُ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ دِيَتِهَا

Indemnities for Wounds & Head, Facial and Other Injuries

( Page : no 154)

The Book of Indemnities

دِيَاتِ اْلجِرَاحِ

Introduction

The Book of Purification

The Book of Prayer

The Book of Funerals

The Book of Fasting

The Book of Hajj and 'Umrah

Book of Zakat

The Book of Selling and Commercial Transactions

The Book of Bequests

The Book of Inheritance

The Book of Marriage

The Book of Divorce

The Book of Sadaq

The Book of Dhihar

The Book of Lian

The Book of Foods

The Book of Oaths

Book of Fatal and Non-Fatal Assault

The Book of Indemnities

The Book of Hudood

The Book of Jihad

The Book of the Judiciary

The Book of Testimonies

Appendix

Glossary

Chapter on Head and Face Injuries and Others

باَبُ الشِّجاَجِ وَغَيْرِهَا

[Facial Injuries]

[Other Injuries]

Indemnities for Wounds & Head, Facial and Other Injuries