Importance of Prayer & Ruling of its Abandonment
Facing the Qiblah & Intention in the Prayer
Etiquettes of Walking to Prayer and its Description
Description of Prayer Continued
Description of Prayer Continued
Description of Prayer Continued
Pillars and Mandatory Acts of Prayer
Two Prostrations of Forgetfulness
Supererogatory (Voluntary) Prayers
Supererogatory (Voluntary) Prayers Continued
Times of Prohibition of (Supererogatory) Prayer
Congregational Prayers & Latecomers
Jumu'ah (Congregational Friday) Prayer
Introduction & Commercial and Selling
Selling of Primary & Secondary Commodities
Cancellation Options in Transactions
Cancellation Options Continued
Debt Transference & Guarantor-ship
Mortgaging & Security Deposits
Partnership & Companies Continued
Reviving Barren Lands & Per-Job Wage
Lost and Found Property & Foundlings
Prize Money & Deposits for Safekeeping
Acknowledgment/Confession
1754
If a free person who is rasheed (competent in managing money), 1755 mukallaf, and not terminally ill, voluntarily 1756 acknowledges some right (as in a debt to others), he or she will be responsible for it.
وَإِذَا أَقَرَّ الْمُكَلَّفُ، اْلحُرُّ، الرَّشِيْدُ، الصَّحِيْحُ، الْمُخْتَارُ بِحَقٍّ، أُخِذَ بِهِ.
If someone acknowledges (owing) a certain number of dirhams but then stays silent for a period of time in which he could have spoken, and then says, “counterfeit” 1757 or “small” 1758 or “deferred”, he will immediately be liable for (the specified number of) genuine and whole dirhams. If, however, he
وَمَنْ أَقَرَّ بِدَرَاهِمَ، ثُمَّ سَكَتَ سُكُوْتًا يُمْكِنُهُ اْلكَلاَمُ فِيْهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: زُيُوْفًا أَوْ صِغَارًا، أَوْ مُؤَجَّلَةً، لَزِمَتْهُ جِيَادًا، وَافِيَةً، حَالَّةً، وَإِنْ وَصَفَهَا بِذَلِكَ مُتَّصِلاً
1754. Admission/acknowledgment is the strongest proof; it is stronger than the testimony of witnesses and it is legally consequential, by consensus. The Messenger of Allah (SA) established the ḥadd of adultery against Mâ‘iz and the Ghâmidiyah upon their confession.
1755. A child’s acknowledgment is invalid except in the case of a discerning child who is allowed to conduct a particular business transaction; his acknowledgment is valid concerning that particular transaction.
The acknowledgment of the insane is invalid.
The acknowledgment of a person subject to interdiction (ḥajr) due to foolishness is invalid. This is to protect the rights of the creditors to his money. If someone has proof, other than the debtor’s acknowledgment, that the person owes him something, then he will be added to the entitled creditors.
1756. Confession/acknowledgment under duress is invalid. The Prophet (SA) said:
“Allah has pardoned my people – for my sake - for [their] mistakes and [their] forgetfulness and for what they have done under duress.” (Ma – from Ibn ‘Abbâs)
إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَجَاوَزَ لِي عَنْ أُمَّتِي الْخَطَأَ وَالنِّسْيَانَ وَمَا اسْتُكْرِهُوا عَلَيْهِ
1757. Mixed with lead or other substances.
1758. Dirhams are silver coins. Small dirhams weighed less than standard ones; their value was about 2/3 that of the standard dirhams.
describes them with these qualities in direct connection with his acknowledgment, 1759 he will be liable for what he acknowledged (as he described it).
بِإِقْرَارِهِ، لَزِمَتْهُ كَذَلِكَ.
If he excludes from his acknowledgment less than half of it, in connection with his acknowledgment, his exception will be valid. But if he separates them (the acknowledgment and the exclusion) by a period of silence in which he could have spoken, or by irrelevant speech, or if he excludes more than half (of what he acknowledges) 1760 or something from a different genus, 1761 he will be liable for the entire acknowledgment. 1762
وَإِنِ اسْتَثْنَى مِمَّا أَقَرَّ بِهِ، أَقَلَّ مِنْ نِصْفِهِ مُتَّصِلاً بِهِ، صَحَّ اسْتِثْنَاؤُهُ، وَإِنْ فَصَلَ بَيْنَهُمَا بِسُكُوْتٍ يُمْكِنُهُ اْلكَلاَمُ فِيْهِ، أَوْ بِكَلاَمٍ أَجْنَبِيٍّ، أَوِ اسْتَثْنَى أَكْثَرَ مِنْ نِصْفِهِ، أَوْ مِنْ غَيْرِ جِنْسِهِ، لَزِمَهُ كُلُّهُ.
Whoever says, “For him upon me is X dirhams” and then says, “as a deposit for safekeeping,” his (second) statement will not be accepted. 1763 If he says, “For him with me (instead of upon me), …” and then says, “as a deposit for safekeeping,” his (second) statement will be accepted.
وَإِنِ اسْتَثْنَى مِمَّا أَقَرَّ بِهِ، أَقَلَّ مِنْ نِصْفِهِ مُتَّصِلاً بِهِ، صَحَّ اسْتِثْنَاؤُهُ، وَإِنْ فَصَلَ بَيْنَهُمَا بِسُكُوْتٍ يُمْكِنُهُ اْلكَلاَمُوَمَنْ قَالَ: لَهُ عَلَيَّ دَرَاهِمُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: وَدِيْعَةٌ، لَمْ يُقْبَلْ قَوْلُهُ. وَإِنْ قَالَ: لَهُ عِنْدِيْ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: وَدِيْعَةٌ قُبِلَ قَوْلُهُ.
1759. Without any pause in between.
1760. Because it is not linguistically customary or sound to exclude more than 1/2 of what was acknowledged.
1761. As when he acknowledges owing a number of dirhams and then makes an exception for a number of goats.
1762. In other words, the exception will not be valid.
1763. This has to do with semantics. The Arabic phrase translated here as “upon me” is (عَلَيَّ), which means that he is liable for the property in his possession in case of loss or damage. A deposit for safekeeping (wadee‘ah) is not guaranteed by the holder, and he is not liable for it in case of loss or damage, so this second statement is counter to the meaning of his first statement.
(t): Whebnever a layperson claims they did not understand the proper implications of a word in their acknowledgment, and it is expected of their likes not to understand it, their claim will be accepted.
Whoever acknowledges (owing) darâhim (dirhams), the least that he will be liable for is three,1764 unless the one who is owed the money agrees to a lesser amount. If one acknowledges (owing) an unidentified item, his explanation of it will be accepted as long as it is plausible. 1765
وَمَنْ أَقَرَّ بِدَرَاهِمَ، فَأَقَلُّ مَا يَلْزَمُهُ ثَلاَثَةٌ، إِلاَّ أَنْ يُصَدِّقُهُ الـمُقَرُّ لَهُ فِيْ أَقَلَّ مِنْهَا.
وَمَنْ أَقَرَّ بِشَيْءٍ مُجْمَلٍ، قُبِلَ تَفْسِيْرُهُ بِمَا يَحْتَمِلُهُ.
Subsection: The acknowledgment by one who is not mukallaf is not accepted regarding anything – except in the case of a discerning child who is allowed to conduct a particular business transaction; his acknowledgment is valid concerning the particular transaction he is permitted to conduct.
فَصْلٌ: وَلاَ يُقْبَلُ إِقْرَارُ غَيْرِ اْلمُكَلَّفِ بِشَيْءٍ، إِلاَّ الْمَأْذُوْنَ لَهُ مِنَ الصِّبْيَانِ فِيْ التَّصَرُّفِ فِيْ قَدْرِ مَا أُذِنَ لَهُ.
If a foolish person confesses to a crime that is punishable by ḥadd or subject to qiṣâṣ, he will be held liable. If he acknowledges (owing) money, his acknowledgment will not be accepted. 1766
وَإِنْ أَقَرَّ السَّفِيُهُ بِحَدٍّ أَوْ قِصَاصٍ، أَوْ طَلاَقٍ، أُخِذَ، وَإِنْ أَقَرَّ بِمَالٍ، لَمْ يُقْبَلْ إِقْرَارُهُ.
وَكَذَلِكَ اْلحُكْمُ فِيْ إِقْرَارِ اْلعَبْدِ، إِلاَّ أَنَّهُ يَتَعَلَّقُ بِذِمَّتِهِ، يُتْبَعُ بِهِ بَعْدَ اْلعِتْقِ، إِلاَّ أَنْ يَكُوْنَ مَأْذُوْنًا لَهُ فِيْ التِّجَارَةِ، فَيَصِحُّ إِقْرَارُهُ فِيْ قَدْرِ مَا أُذِنَ لَهُ.
1764. This is because the word used, darâhim, is plural. In Arabic, nouns have a special form meaning two (dirhamân for two dirhams), so if one uses the plural form, darâhim, without specifying a number, it means three or more dirhams.
1765. If he admits that he owes someone money, any amount of money will be a plausible explanation of his ambiguous acknowledgment. Likewise, if he acknowledges owing a garment, anything that may be called a garment is a plausible explanation.
1766. The foolish person is not trusted with managing money, but his confessing to a crime is accepted because he has no interest in establishing his guilt.
‘Foolish’ is a term used for safeeh, which is one who is imprudent in managing his/her money. This is completely different from the insane, whose confession and acknowledgment are both invalid.
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